计算机科学导论Chap 11.ppt

An Introductionputer Science
计算机科学引论
XIANG, Hui 向辉Shandong University
1
Chapter 11:Artificial Intelligence
Computer Science: An OverviewTenth Edition
by J. Glenn Brookshear
2
Chapter 11: Artificial Intelligence
Intelligence and Machines
Perception
Reasoning
Additional Areas of Research
Artificial works
Robotics
Considering the Consequences
3
What is artificial intelligence?
Although there is no universally-agreed definition of artificial intelligence, we accept the following definition that matches the topics covered here
Artificial intelligence is the study of programmed systems that can simulate, to some extent, human activities such as perceiving, thinking, learning and acting.
4
A brief history of artificial intelligence
Although artificial intelligence as an independent field of study is relatively new, it has some roots in the past.
We can say that it started 2,400 years ago when the Greek philosopher Aristotle invented the concept of logical reasoning.
The effort to finalize the language of logic continued with Leibniz and Newton.
e Boole developed Boolean algebra in the eenth century that laid the foundation puter circuits.
However, the main idea of a thinking machine came from Alan Turing, who proposed the Turing test.
The term “artificial intelligence” was first coined by John McCarthy in 1956.
5
Intelligent Agents
Agent: A “device” that responds to stimuli from its environment
Sensors
Actuators
Much of the research in artificial intelligence can be viewed in the context of building agents that behave intelligently
6
Levels of Intelligent Behavior
Reflex: actions are predetermined responses to the input data
More intelligent behavior requires knowledge of the environment and involves such activities as:
Goal seeking
Learning: procedural vs declarative knowledge
7
Figure The eight-puzzle in its solved configuration
8
Figure Our puzzle-solving machine
9
Approaches to Research i