Review Questions
1. What are the main functions of language?
2. What is the main difference between prescriptive study and descriptive study?
3. What is the difference between langue and parole?
4. What is the main difference petence and performance?
5. What is the main difference between langue and parole?
and performance
Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language (语言能力)
Performance: the actual use of language in concrete situations (语言运用)
Chomsky
Proposed by the American linguist
N. Chomsky (psychological)
Differences between competence and performance
Competence
Performance
It enables a speaker to produce and understand an indefinite number of sentences and to recognize grammatical mistakes and ambiguities; It is stable.
Performance is often influenced by psychological and social factors; it is not stable.
A speaker’s performance does not always match or equal his petence.
Chomsky believes that linguists ought to petence, rather than performance. In other words, they should discover what an ideal speaker knows of his native language.
Saussure Vs. Chomsky
Chomsky’petence-performance distinction is not exactly the same as, though similar to, F. de Saussure’s langue-parole distinction.
Langue-parole
Competence-performance
Langue is a social product and a set of conventions for munity
Competence is deemed as a property of the mind of each individual
Saussure looks at language from a sociological or sociolinguistic point of view
N. Chomsky deals with his issues psychologically or psycholinguistically.
Chapter Two
Speech Sounds
ics (语音学) studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. It is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages.
What is ics?
Branches of ics
A three-step process of speech sounds:
Articulatory ics (发音语言学): the study of the production of speech sounds;
Acoustic ics (声学语言学): the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech;
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