Chapter 2 ics.ppt

ics_CHAPTER 2 ICS & PHONOLOGY
CONTENTS
1. Speech sounds
2. ics语音学
What is ics?
ans
IPA and Broad and narrow transcription
Classification of English speech sounds
3. Phonology音系学
Phone音素, phoneme音位 and allophone音位变体
Phonemic音素 analysis
Phonological音系学的 rules
Suprasegmental超音段的 phonology
SOUNDS
Sounds which are systematically used in human languages are called speech sounds. Sounds made by a human being but not used in language are not considered as speech sounds (coughing,
snoring, sneezing).
2. ICS语音学
What is ics?
The study of the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
It is the science which studies the characteristics of human sound making, particularly the sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their transcription, description and classification.
THREE AREAS OF ICS
Articulatory ics (发音语音学):
production of speech sounds
Auditory ics (听觉语音学):
perception of speech sounds
Acoustic [ə'kuːstɪk] ics (声学语音学):
physical properties of speech sounds
ANS
1-nasal cavity 鼻腔2-lips 嘴唇3-teeth 牙齿4-alveolar ridge 牙槽脊5-hard palate 硬腭6-velum (soft palate) 软腭7-uvula 小舌8-apex (tip) of tongue 舌尖9-blade (front) of tongue 舌前部10-dorsum (back) of tongue
舌后部11-oral cavity 口腔12-pharynx 咽头13-epiglottis 会厌,喉头软骨14-larynx 喉15-vocal cords 声带16-trachea 气管17-esophagus 食道
According to the function in the sound production, the ans can be divided into three parts: initiator起始器 of the air-stream, the producer产生器 of voice and the resonator共鸣器['ɚ].
Division of ans:
THE INITIATOR OF THE AIR-STREAM:
(1) The initiator includes the lungs and the trachea气管;
(2) The direction of the airstream:
outgoing/ pulmonic: in all languages
Non-pulmonic sounds: ejectives (挤喉音), clicks (吸气音), implosives (内爆音in Sindhi, Igbo)
THE VOCAL CORDS (THE PRODUCER OF VOICE)
(1) Pitch depends on the rate of vibration of the vocal cords.
(2) Vocal cords:
Complete blockage (totally closed) for producing glottal st