语言学chapter 3 ics and phonology教材课程.ppt

Chapter 3
ics and Phonology
ics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of language. It aims to “discover the principles that govern the way sounds anized in language, and to explain the variations that occur. ”
Relationship:
ics
Phonology
Both are concerned with the same aspect of language---the speech sounds.
the study of all possible speech sounds as individuals
the study of the rules that govern bination of those sounds into meaningful units.
focuses on chaos
focuses on order, system
Part 1 ics
Articulatory ics is the study of the production of
speech sounds. (发声语音学)
Acoustic ics is the study of the physical
properties of speech sounds. (声学语音学)
Perceptual or auditory ics is concerned with of
the perception of speech sounds. (感知语音学
/ 听觉语音学)
IPA
IPA is a standardized and internationally accepted system of ic transcription.
Its basic principles is using a different letter for each distinguishable speech sounds.
With minor modification it is now still used by icians and linguists.
Consonants and Vowels
Consonants are produced “by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.”
A vowel is produced without such “obstruction” so that “air escape in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose”.
Consonants
The manner of articulation refers to ways in which articulation can be plished.
Stop / plosive (塞音/爆破音)— in the production of a plosive, the air-stream is pletely both in the oral and nasal tracts, so that when the closure in the oral tract is suddenly released, pressed air rushes out and produces an explosive sound.
[p, b, t, d, k, g]