general biology 普通生物学.docx

Aerobic respiration (Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC) Definition : Aerobic respiration anic molecules and oxygen and yields ATP. Glycolysis Formation of acetyl Coenzyme A Citric acid cycle ETC and chemiosmosis 2 ATP 2ATP 32ATP 2 NADH+H +2 NADH+H + 6NADH+H + 2FADH Cytosol Mitochondrial matrix Cristae of the mitochondria 1. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate split into 2 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphates 2. Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in steps after G3P & before pyruvate in glycolysis. 3. The electron transport chain generates no ATP but generate H + gradient (electron transfer in the electron transport chain causes proteins to pump H + from matrix to the inter membrane space) 4. Chemiosmosis: ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow ofH + to drive phosphorylation of ATP. 5. FADH produce the least ATP during the oxidative phosphorylation. 6. Anaerobic respiration – fermentation: -provide a quick burst of ATP energy for muscular activities. -lactate is toxic to cells and it changes pH making muscles to fatigue (Lactate will be recycled into glucose in the liver via Cori cycle needing 3 ATP per lactate) ic cross (sex-linked, non-sex-linked) Hybridization: crossing of two true-breeding varieties. Law of segregation: two alleles for a heritable character separate for each other during the gamete formation and end up in different gametes. 3:1 Homozygous: a pair of identical alleles for a charact