非谓语动词和独立结构.doc

1 非谓语动词动词的非谓语形式有三种:不定式、动名词和分词. (一)不定式不定式由“ to十动词原形”构成,其否定形式是“not to do”.不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化,、宾语、状语、表语和定语,“ for 十名词或代词宾格”构成. : l),往往放在谓语之后,用it : To see is to believe . It is right to give up smoking . 2),如果还带有宾语补足语。往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后,而用 it作形式宾语. 例如: He wanted togo. I find it interesting to study work with him. 2 3): He asked me todo the work with him. 注意:在 feel , hear , listen to, look at, notice, observe , see , watch , have , let, make 等词后的补足语中, 不定式不带 ,就必须带 I often hear him sing the song . He is often heard to sing the song . 注意:不定式动词在介词 but , except , besides 后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词 do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带 to,否则要带 : She could do nothing but cry. What do you like todo besides swim? I have no choice but togo. 4): I have some books for you to read .注①作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,: He is looking for a room to live in. There is nothing to worry about . 3 Please give me a knife to cut with . 但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是 time , place 或 way , : He had no money and no place to live. 8)不定式与疑问词 who , which , when , where ,how , what 等连用,在句中起名词作用,可充当主语、表语、: He didn ’tknow what to say.( 宾语) How to solve the problem is very important .(主语) My question is when to start. (表语) 注意:在与 why 连用时,只用于 why 或 why not 开头的简短疑问句中,后面紧跟的动词不定式不带 : Why not have a rest? 9)不定式在句中用主动式还是被动式。多数情况下是容易判别的,但有时的确比较复杂,请注意以-下几点: A) 不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式. Have you got a key to unlock the door? 4 (A key unlocks the door .) B)不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式. I have got a letter to write .(I write letter .) He needs a room to live in.( He lives ina room .) Iknow what todo.(Ido what .)但这句如改为下列形式, 不定式就得用被动形式: Iknow what is tobe done. 这是因为 what is tobedone 是宾语从句,从句中的主语 what 是动词 do的动作对象 C)不定式作表语形容词的状语,和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时,不定式多用主动形式,这是因为人们往往认为形容词后者去了 for one 或 for people .例如: He is hard to talk to.( to talk to him .)