英语四级考试必备-基础语法知识.doc

英语四级考试必备基础语法知识动词时态 1) 现在完成进行时态(have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在, 可能继续下去, 也可能刚刚结束. I’ ve been writing letters for an hour. I’ ve been sitting in the garden. 2) 过去完成进行时(由 had been + ing 分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作 I’d been working for some time when he called. We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came. 3) 将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作. By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years. In another month ’s time she ’ ll have been studying here for three years. 4) 将来完成时(由 shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事. I shall have finished this one before lunch. They ’ ll have hit the year ’s target by the end of October. 动词语态可以有两种被动结构的类型, 例如: He was said to be jealous of her ess. It was said that he was jealous of her ess. 能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词, 常见的有 assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand 等. It is supposed that the ship has been sunk. The ship is supposed to have been sunk. 担当 be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义. 例如: Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. ( 你应该晓得速度限制) 双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时, 可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语, 另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面, 但多数是把间接宾语变为主语. He was asked a number of questions at the press conference. Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations. 宾补结构的被动语态: She was called Big Sister by everybody. Then he was made a squad leader. He was considered quite qualified for the job. The room was always kept clean and tidy. 短语动词 Vi+ adv The plane took off two hours late. Vi+ prep They looked round the Cathedral. Vi+ prep ( 有被动语态) She ’s looking after her sister ’s children. The children were always well looked after. Vi+ adv + prep I began to look forward to their visits. Vt+O+ adv Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children. The children were brought up by their mother. They took him on. Vt+ adv +O( 无被动语态)I am trying to give up smoking. Vt+O+ prep We talked Donald