语言学 重点概念.doc

Chapter one Introduction 一、定义 1. 语言学 Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2. 普通语言学 General Linguistics The study of language asa whole is often called General linguistics. 3. 语言 language Language isa system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for munication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。 4. 识别特征 Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system munication. 语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness 任意性 Productivity 多产性 Duality 双重性 Displacement 移位性 Cultural transmission 文化传递⑴ arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. the arbitrary nature of language isa sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions ⑵ Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. ⑶ Duality Language isa system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. ⑷ Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. ⑸ Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a ic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5. petence is the ideal user ’s knowledge of the rules of his language. 6. 语言运用 performance Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in munication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。 7. 历时语言学 Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language isa historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period of time. 8. 共时语言学 Synchronical linguistics The study ofa given language ata given time. 9. 语言 langue The abstract linguistic system shared by all members ofa munity. 10. 言语 parole The realization of langue in actual use. 11. 规定性 Prescriptiv