PARASITOIDS 非靶作用拟寄生类幂和重复的关系（PPT课件）.ppt

Monitoring and Field Study Design for Purposes of Assessing
Risks of ically Engineered Crops
转基因作物风险评估的监测和田间试验设计
Rick Hellmich and Jarrad Prasifka
USDA–ARS, Corn Insects & Plant ics Research Unit
美国农业部-农业研究局,玉米昆虫和植物遗传研究所
Dept. Entomology, Iowa State University
昆虫系,依阿华州立大学
Agricultural
Research
Service
Topics 主题
Challenges for field entomologists
田间昆虫学家的挑战
Development of guidelines for testing non-target effects in the field 制定检测非靶作用的指导规则
Plot size小区尺寸
Sampling 采样
taxa abundance, statistical power 种属多寡,统计方式
trap efficiency 截淤效率
timing 时机
Selecting taxa 选择种属
ecological functional groups 生态作用群
Hypothesis driven studies 推动研究的假设
Influences on Maize Agroecosystem 玉米农业生态系统的影响因素
Previous crop and farming practices 以前的作物和耕作方式
Farming disturbances 耕作干扰
Tillage 耕耘
fertilizer/herbicides 肥料/除草剂
planting 栽培
secondary tillage 二次耕作
harvesting 收割
Natural disturbances 自然干扰
local storm flooding
当地的洪水
temperature extremes
极端天气
plant diseases and pests
植物的病虫害
Before We Walk into Field Plot我们走进田间试验地前
How do disturbances
of Bt protein in pare with other
disturbances?
怎样比较作物的Bt蛋白干扰
与其它的干扰因素?
What is the signal to
noise ratio?
什么是信噪比?
Undisturbed Pool 未受干扰的游泳池
GM Crop Signal? 转基因作物信号?
Small disturbance
小干扰
Large disturbance
大干扰
Can this signal be detected?
这样的信号可以检测到吗?
Background Noise?背景噪音?
Children jumping
小孩跳水
Background Noise?背景噪音?
Larger person jumping
大人跳水
Background Noise? 背景噪音?
Near Chaos
附近混乱的杂音
Ecological Risk Assessment 生态风险评估
Tier 1 梯度 1
Simple, worst-case scenarios
简单的,最坏的情况
High estimated environmental concentration (EEC)
高估计环境浓度(EEC)
Tier 2 梯度 2
Use plant material (1X EEC)
使用植物材料(1X EEC)
Tier 3 梯度 3
Long-term laboratory, greenhouse or semi-field tests
长期实验室,温室或半田间试验
Tier 4 梯度 4
Field tests 田间试验
Field Monitoring 田间监测
LAB
FIELD
试验
田间