科学家角色的出现与科学体制化的形成
一、关于科学家名称
Science is accumulative body of knowledge about the natural world. Obtained by the application of a particular method practiced by the scientist. The word science itself is derived from the Latin scire, to know, to have knowledge of, to experience. Technology is the fruit of applied science. It is the concrete expression of research done in the laboratory. And applied to manufacturmodities to meet human needs. The word scientist was introduced only in 1840 by William Whewell professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Cambridge. Whewell was a friend of Faraday, and helped him in inventing the terminology of electrochemistry. In his Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, he wrote. "We need a name to describe a cultivator of science in general. I should be inclined to call him a scientist " .The "cultivators of sciences before 1840 were known as natural philosophers". The founders of the 300 year-old Royal Society were typical " natural philosophers ". They were curious, often eccentric persons who poked inquiring fingers at nature. In the process of doing so, they started a technique of inquiry we know today as "the scientific method".
科学是一种逐渐积累的大量有关自然的知识。是由科学家经过实践采用特定的方法所获得的知识。“科学”一词本身源于拉丁词“scire”,意为知道、知晓、经验。科学家一词是剑桥大学伦理学教授840年首次采用的。惠威尔是法拉第的朋友并帮助他创立了电化学这一术语,他在《归纳科学哲学》一书中写道,“我们需要一个名称来概括地描述科学的耕耘者。我喜欢称他为科学家”。“科学的耕耘者”在1840年以前被称为“自然哲学家”。具有300年历史的(英国)皇家学会的创建人们都是典型的“自然哲学家”,这些探索大自然奥秘的人们充满好奇而且常常有些古怪,在探索大自然的过程中,他们开始采用了一种我们现在称为“科学方法”的研究技巧。
科学家:1834年,“英国科学促进协会”成立时,惠威尔(William Whewell,1794~1866,英国科学史和科学哲学研究者)创造了这个词,因为
“philosopher”一词“太崇高和广泛”。1840年在他的名著《归纳科学的哲学》中正式采用“scientist”。
科学家最初用以指称与广义的哲学家、学者和知识分子不同的,以经验为根据寻找自然界规律的人,即从事实验科学工作的人。
传统的持续:达尔文(1809~1882,1859年发表《物种起源》)按我们现在的标准是科学家、生物学家。但在他所处的时代,被称为博物学家(naturalist,见《美国传统辞典》,指精通自然历史,尤其是动物学和植物学
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