考研英语语法及长难句讲义.doc

考研英语语法及长难句讲义
Part One英语语法
基本句型:简单句&并列句

My father is listening to the popular music in the garden.
The handsome boy is my brother.
主语谓语宾语定语状语表语补语
简单句的五种形式:
(1)主语+谓语(不及物动词);
(2)主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语;
(3)主语+谓语+宾语+补语;
(4)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语;
(5)主语+系动词+表语。
谓语
. 实义动词
①及物动词 watch, see
②不及物动词 sit
. 系动词
① be动词;
②一些实义动词用作系动词:feel, taste, smell等;
. He is crying.
. Parents watch TV every night.
. My father gave me some advice.
. We can make our country beautiful.
. The boy is the tallest in the class.
.

两个简单句并列在一起,中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。
并列句不能只用逗号隔开,而要用连接词连接。
连接词:
(1)并列关系句型:连接词有and, either…or…,neither…nor…, not only…but also…
eg: Last year I met Kate and we became friends.
Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it.
(2)转折概念并列句型:转折词有but
eg: It has no mouth, but it can talk.
(3)对比关系的并列句型:
eg: He liked sports, while I would rather collect stamps.
简单句和并列句是复合句的基础。
主语——施动者或动作的主体
宾语——受动者
2
通常主语和宾语由名词或代词构成 I love you.
(一)名词
1. 可数名词
有单复数之分,若名词为单数,通常前面要加冠词a/an、the进行限定;若名词为复数,可以加上the,或者直接用复数名词,或者加上数词来进行限定。
①不定冠词:a/an,通常表示一,但是不强调数目,翻译时注意;
eg:Germany is a European country.
②定冠词:表示特定或特指
eg:Is this the book that you are looking for?
定冠词还可以使用于一些比较独特的语言现象:如指代地球或宇宙这种独一无二的事物
the+名词:表示全部或者整体
eg:Do you know who invented puter?
用于乐器或专有名词前,如play the piano、the Thames
2. 不可数名词:
通常是物质名词或者抽象名词, 其前可以不加任何东西,若有特指,可以加the.
前面可以加单位词,进行分类:
常见单位词:
①a piece of +advice /bread /cloth /fortune /information /music/muse
②a bit of、an item of、an article of
名词在翻译中遇到的问题:
(1)不可数名词和可数名词间的转换形式:
eg:water&waters(水域、海洋),sand&sands(沙滩),wood&woods(树林),goods(商品),ash和ashes(废墟)
(2)名词的格:.s以及of
逻辑语义:
Rachel: ex-husband's sister's roommate.
Doctor: your roommate's brother's ex-wife's obstetrician. (产科医生)
——老友记
of: 理清逻辑语义,翻译方法: “A of B”翻译成“B的A”
ing of age of post-war baby boom brought remarkable influence upon American society.
特殊:China is proud of its five thousand years of the history and culture.
(二)代词

第一、二、三人称,主格、宾格、所有格
I, you, he, she, i