《微观经济学》课件.ppt

第一章导论
西安交通大学
闫大卫
经济学的产生与由来
微观经济学的研究方法
微观经济学的假定前提
微观经济学的研究对象及其相互关系
微观经济学的结构安排
微观经济学的基本内容
Adam Smith
人的欲望(多种多样、无穷无尽) 满足社会资源稀缺性选择资源配置问题
经济学的产生与由来
任何解决社会都同样面临的几个基本问题,它们可以被概括为:
◎     生产什么(what)
◎     如何生产(how)
◎     为谁生产(for whom)
◎     由谁决策(以什么程序决策)(who)斯蒂格利茨的《经济学》和课本的观点
注:有一种观点认为是什么时候(when)
what economic goods will be produced?
How will resources be used in production?
Who will get to consume economic goods?
When will resources or goods be used?
以上几个问题形成了经济学的基本问题,概括地说就是资源配置问题。
解决这几个问题的方法(allocative mechanisms)
◎     the market system(the price system)
◎     brute force
◎     queuing (e, first-serve system)
◎     random selection
◎     tradition (feudal European monarchies and the caste system in India)
◎     government
◎     equal shares
◎     need
◎     democratic choice
以上几种方法似乎都有一定的合理性,但最有效率的应该是市场机制。
微观经济学的研究方法
个量分析法
边际分析法
均衡分析法
实证分析法和规范分析法
静态、比较静态和动态分析法
模型
实证分析法和规范分析法
Positive economic statements are facts or relationships which can be proven or disproven. A normative economic statement is someone’s opinion or value judgment about an economic issue. Such a statement can never be proven. Au contraire (as the French would say), a normative statement is one which monly argue about. Note that a positive statement does not have to be a true statement; the statement could be disproven. It would be a false positive statement. Also keep in mind that predictions, such as “The Orioles should win the World Series this year,” or “The ‘skins will be in the Super Bowl again this season,” are not considered normative statements, but predictions or hopes (or wishful thinking…) unrelated to facts or value judgments.
Examples of positive economic statements are:
1.   The federal deficit this past year exceeded $250 billion.
2.   When the value of the dollar falls, Japanese products imported into the United States e more expensive.
3.   Legalizing drugs will lower the price of drugs and reduce the crime rate among drug users.
Examples of normative economic statements