Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
Introduction
How speech sounds are made
ans
The IPA
Consonants and vowels
Consonants
Vowels
The sounds of English
From ics to phonology
Coarticulation and ic transcription
Phonemes
Allopones
Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features
Assimilation
Epenthesis, rule ordering and the Elsewhere Condition
Distinctive features
Suprasegmentals
The syllable structure
Stress
Intonation
Tone
Further reading
Workbook Section
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
As human beings we are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have e units in the language system. We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are ics and phonology. ICS studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Imagine that the speech sound is articulated by a Speaker A. It is then transmitted to and perceived by a Listener B. Consequently, a speech sound goes through a three-step process, as shown in Figure .
Figure The process of speech production and perception
Naturally, the study of sounds is divided into three main areas, each dealing with one part of the process:
• ARTICULATORY ICS is the study of the production of speech sounds.
• ACOUSTIC ICS is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds.
• PERCEPTUAL or AUDITORY ICS is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
PHONOLOGY is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to “discover the principles that govern the way sounds anized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur”(Crystal, 1997: 162).
In phonology we normally begin by analyzing an individual language, say English, in order to determine its PHONOLOGICAL STRUCTURE, . which sound units are used a
Chapter2SpeechSounds 来自淘豆网www.taodocs.com转载请标明出处.