Chapter2SpeechSounds.doc

Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
A. ics
B. Phonology
A. ics
Speech production and perception
ans (ans)
Segments, divergences and ic
transcription
Consonants
Vowels
Coarticulation and ic
transcription
Speech production & perception
Speech and writing are two media used by natural
languages as vehicles munication. Of the 2
media of language, speech is more basic than
writing.
We first begin with the study of sounds, which
is called ‘ics’ and then go on to the study of
sound patterns called ‘phonology’.
The study of sounds is divided into 3 areas:
(1) Articulatory ics 发音语音学
(2) Auditory ics 听觉语音学
(3) Acoustic ics 声学语音学
ans (ans)
The ans consist mainly of the lungs, windpipe, the throat, the
nose and the mouth.
Three resonating cavities
(1) The pharyngeal cavity--The vocal cords (vocal folds) are either
(a) apart (b) close together or (c) totally closed
When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through easily and the sound produced is voiceless. Eg: [p] [t] [s]
When they are close together, the air stream causes them to vibrate against each other and the sound produced is voiced. Eg: [b] [d] [z]
When they are totally closed, no air can pass between them and the result is the glottal stop (?). Thus the sound is inaudible, but it has its effect on surrounding segment. In English it often occurs initially to produce a word like idiot which begins with a vowel.
(2) The oral cavity--The tongue (the tip, the blade, the front, the back and the root), the soft palate (velum), the hard palate, the uvula, the alveolar ridge, the teeth and the lips.
(3) The nasal cavity--The soft palate may be lowered so that the air can go through the nasal cavity, then the sound produced will have a nasal resonance called a nasal.
The Vocal Tract (声道)
Segments, divergences and
ic transcription
Segments and divergences
ic transcription
Segments and divergences
Segment—In the produc