医学院校硕士研究生英语读与写（第二版）unit 8.ppt

医学院校硕士研究生英语读与写(第二版)
English for Master Students in Medical Universities
Text A
Altruism and Payment
In Blood Donation
Unit Eight
Outline
Background information
Global analysis of the text
Detailed study of the text
Text structure analysis
Reference answers to the exercises
Background information
Introduction to the topic
5
A. The Theory of the survival of the fittest
In evolutionary theory only anisms best
able (fittest) to obtain and utilize resources can
survive. This phenomenon is the cornerstone of
Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.
B. “The gift relationship. From human blood to social policy”
It was published in 1970, by Richard M. Titmuss (1907--1973), with almost immediate policy results. pared blood donation in Britain (voluntary) and the US (some donated, some bought and sold). It concluded that the voluntary system is superior in terms of efficiency, efficacy, quality, and safety. The US government consulted with Titmuss, instituted efforts to stimulate voluntary donation, and mandated the labeling of blood from paid donors. Titmuss' most profound conclusions concerned the quality of life munity when people are encouraged to give the gift of life to strangers. When blood es modity, he argued, its quality is corrupted.
C. Council of Europe
Origins and membership
The Council of Europe is the continent's oldest anization, founded in 1949.
●has grouped 47 countries, including 22 countries from Central and Eastern Europe;
● has granted observer status to 5 other countries (the Holy See, the United States, Canada, Japan and Mexico);
● is distinct from the 27-nation European Union, but no country has ever joined the Union without first belonging to the Council of Europe;
● has its headquarters in Strasbourg, in north-eastern France.
Aims
The Council was set up to:
• defend human rights, parliamentary democracy and the rule of law;
• develop continent-wide agreements to standardize member countries' social and legal pr