论文 Abstract conclusion 开题报告.ppt

Abstract conclusion 开题报告
How to Write Abstract?
Definition ponents of an abstract
Samples of abstract writing
An Abstract should be viewed as a miniature version of the
paper. The Abstract should provide a brief summary of each of
the main sections of the paper: Introduction, Materials and
Methods, Results, and Discussion. As Houghton (1975) puts it,
“An abstract can be defined as a summary of the information
in a document.”
美国《化学文摘》、《生物文摘》和英联邦农业局的文
摘系统对文摘的定义是“对原文献内容准确、扼要的表达。
不加补充解释和评论”。
I. Definition
The Abstract should
(1) state the principal objectives and scope of the investigation;
(2) describe the methods employed;
(3) summarize the results;
(4) state the principal conclusions.
When writing the Abstract, examine every word carefully. If you can tell your story in 100 words, do not use 200.
Most of the Abstract should be written in the past tense, because it refers to work done.
The Abstract should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper. References to the literature must not be cited in the Abstract (except in rare instances, such as modification of a previously published method). Likewise, the Abstract should not include or refer to tables and figures.
Pay attention!
informative abstract 信息性/报道性/资料性摘要- the primary research objective or purpose- method employed in solving the problems- principal findings or results- major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paper
descriptive abstract 指示性/说明性/描述性摘要outlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph form.
Structure of abstract |
Classification of abstracts
Structure of abstract |  Structure of an informative abstract
Background – why do you want to do the research?
Research question – what question are you trying to answer and what is the research topic of your paper?
Method – how (what material, what method, and what procedures) do you get answers to your research question?
Results – wha