Chapter2SpeechSounds.ppt

Chapter Two
Speech Sounds
As human beings we are capable of making all kinds of sounds.
How many sounds can we produce? Are all of them are used in human language?
only some of these sounds have e units in the language system.
We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are ics and phonology.
►ics
☻ans
☻ the IPA
☻ consonants and vowels
☻ classification of English sounds
(description of sounds)
► Phonology
☻ phonemes and allophones
☻ phonological processes
☻ supra-segmental features
ics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
ics 语音学
Speech
production
(A)
Speech
perception
(B)
Speech Transmission (sound waves)
Figure The process of speech production and perception
Three branches of ics
Articulatory ics----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds”
Auditory ics----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”
Acoustic ics----from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another.
发音语音学
听觉语音学
声学语音学
1. How speech sounds are made?
ans:
those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech
ans
• ans: ans
.
• The lungs, the trachea(气管), the throat, the nose and the mouth are involved in the production of speech.
Speech sounds are produced with an air-stream as their sources of energy.
In most circumstances, the pass of the airstreams through the ans is like this:
comes from the lungs, through the bronchioles and bronchi, into the trachea, then is modified at various points in various ways in the throat( the larynx喉), the mouth (oral cavity) and the nose (nasal cavity).
Vocal folds(声带)
The vocal folds are either
apart,
close together,
totally closed.
Voiceless(清音): the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass easily [p,s,t]
Voiced(浊音): the vocal folds are close together, the airstream causes them to vibrate against each other [b,z,d]
Glottal stop(喉塞音): the vocal folds are totall