如何做好现场品质管理(1).ppt

Chapter 3 THE LOGIC OF CATEGORICAL SENTENCES 第3章直言命题逻辑
主讲人:熊明辉教授
中山大学逻辑与认知研究所
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Outline
CATEGORICAL SENTENCES
THE SQUARE OF OPPOSITION
OPERATIONS ON CATEGORICAL SENTENCES
THE SYLLOGISM
RULES OF THE SYLLOGISM
TRANSLATING INTO STANDARD FORM
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Outline
CATEGORICAL SENTENCES
THE SQUARE OF OPPOSITION
OPERATIONS ON CATEGORICAL SENTENCES
THE SYLLOGISM
RULES OF THE SYLLOGISM
TRANSLATING INTO STANDARD FORM
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CATEGORICAL SENTENCES
A. DEFINITION OF CATEGORICAL SENTENCES
A (STANDARD-FORM/标准形式) CATEGORICAL SENTENCE(直言命题或范畴命题) says something about the relationship between two CLASSES(类) or GROUPS(群体) of things. This sort of sentence is the ponent of the SYLLOGISM(三段论. A syllogism was the major type of argument studied in traditional logic.
If you fully understand the concept of a categorical sentence, you will be able to identify a sentence’s FORM(形式), NAME(名称), PONENTS(四大要素), QUANTITY(量) and QUALITY(质).
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CATEGORICAL SENTENCES
A. DEFINITION OF CATEGORICAL SENTENCES
1. FOUR FORMS and Names
Each categorical sentence has one of FOUR FORMS. And each form has a NAME.
SENTENCE NAME SENTENCE FORM
All artists are people. A All S are P
No artists are people. E No S are P
Some artists are people. I Some S are P
Some artists are not people. O Some S are not P
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CATEGORICAL SENTENCES
A. DEFINITION OF CATEGORICAL SENTENCES
2. COMPONENTS(构成要素)
Each sentence has PONENTS.
The QUANTIFIER(量项), “All”(所有、全部/Every:每一、任一) ,“No”(没有), or “Some”(有些), always occupies the first (left-most) position in the sentence, ., “No sculptures are paintings”.
The SUBJECT term(主项) is a word or phrase which mentions a class of things. The subject term must include a plural noun(复数名词) as its principal element. The subject term occupies the second position in the sentence, “No sculptures are paintings”.
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CATEGORICAL SENTENCES
A. DEFINITION OF CATEGORICAL SENTENCES
2. COMPONENTS(构成要素)
The COPULA(联项), “are”(in A, E, and I, sentences) or “are not”(in O sentences), connects the subject and