国际贸易第十章.ppt

Chapter 10
Pushing Exports
Dumping
Selling exports at a price that is “too low,” a price below “normal value” or “fair market value.”
Either
The export price is lower than the price charged parable domestic sales in the home market of the exporter.
or
The export price is lower than the full unit cost (including a profit margin).
(1)掠夺性倾销 predatory dumping  (2)周期性倾销 cyclical dumping (3)季节性或偶然性倾销 seasonal or sporadic dumping  (4)持续性或长期性倾销 persistent or long-run dumping
1、modity dumping:
Figure - Persistent Dumping
Economic Effects of Dumping
P,C
Q
Q
O
DF
MRF
MC
MC
DD
MRD
PF
PD
price discrimination 垄断企业
Foreign markets
Domestic market
Foreign markets has more demand elasticity than domestic market
Domestic price is higher than price in foreign markets
2、外汇倾销 foreign exchage dumping
是指一国利用本国货币对外贬值的机会来扩大出口,限制进口的一种措施。
即倾销行为可通过汇率变动政策来实现。一国货币对外贬值能够起到促进出口和限制进口的双重作用。
只有具备以下两个条件才能起到扩大出口的作用:
1、货币贬值的程度大于国内物价上涨的程度;
2、其他国家不同时实行同等程度的货币贬值,或采取其他报复性措施。
第三,出口商品的价格弹性符合马歇尔-勒纳条件。
Reacting to Dumping: Anti-Dumping
征收反倾销税必须具备的三个条件: ; ,或者对某一国内工业的新建产生严重阻碍; 。
案例分析:
Figure - Top Ten Initiators of Anti-Dumping Cases
Proposal for Reform:
1. Limit its use to cases where predatory dumping is plausible;
2. Incorporate consumer interests in the analysis of injury from dumping;
3. Replace antidumping policy with more active use of safeguard policy.
Export Subsidy
WTO rules (《补贴与反补贴协议》) divide subsidies into three types:
1、禁止使用的补贴(Prohibited Subsidy)。
2、可诉的补贴(Actionable Subsidy)。
3、不可诉的补贴(Non-actionable Subsidy)。

Result : Countervailing Duty