7－市场效率.ppt

7
Consumers, Producers, and the Efficiency of Markets
消费者、生产者和市场效率
市场效率评价和福利经济学
Market equilibrium reflects the way markets allocate scarce resources. 市场均衡反应了市场配置稀缺资源的方式。
Whether the market allocation is desirable can be addressed by welfare ?这需要福利经济学来评价
即市场均衡是否最大化了买卖双方的福利?(注意:买卖双方都是理性经济人)
市场效率评价和福利经济学
Welfare economics is the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-
The equilibrium in a market maximizes the total welfare of buyers and sellers. 市场均衡最大化了买卖双方的总福利。
此时,经济学家称资源配置有效率。
Welfare Economics
Consumer surplus measures economic welfare from the buyer’s
Producer surplus measures economic welfare from the seller’s
CONSUMER SURPLUS
Willingness to pay is the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a 。
意愿支付代表了买者对该物品的价值评价。
思考:一个物品的价值是主观的吗?马克思的劳动价值论认为,物品的价值在于凝结其中的社会必要劳动时间。这个看法正确吗?
CONSUMER SURPLUS
Consumer surplus is the buyer’s willingness to pay for a good minus the amount the buyer actually pays for 。
消费者剩余就是买者从购买某种物品中所得的好处(benefit)。也就是所得的福利。消费者每购买一单位物品所得的剩余就是边际收益(marginal benefit)。全部边际收益的综合就是总消费者剩余
消费者剩余
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
1
Marginal benefit The additional benefit to a consumer from consuming one more unit of a good or service.
边际收益消费者多消费一单位商品或服务带来的收益
Consumer surplus The difference between the highest price a consumer is willing to pay and the price the consumer actually pays.消费者剩余消费者愿意支付的最高价格与实际支付的价格的差额
通过消费第四杯茶,Joe的边际收益为$
通过消费第五杯茶,Joe的边际收益为$
Figure 1 How the Price Affects Consumer Surplus 价格如何影响消费者剩余
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Consumer
Surplus
Quantity
(a) Consumer Surplus at Price
P
Price
0
Demand
P1
Q1
B
A
C
Figure 1 How the Price Affects Consumer Surplus
Copyright©2003 Southwestern/Thomson Learning
Initial
consumer
Surplus 初始的消费者剩余
Quantity
(b) Consumer Surplus at Price
P
Price
0
Demand
A
B
C
D
E
F
P1
Q1
P