考研基础语法课程.doc

基础语法讲义
主讲:屠浩民
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一、简单句和并列句
1. 简单句的五种形式:
(1)主语+谓语(不及物动词);
(2)主语+谓语(及物动词)+宾语;
(3)主语+谓语+宾语+补语;
(4)主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语;
(5)主语+系动词+表语。
两类系动词:①be动词;
②一些实义动词用作系动词:feel, taste, smell等;
2. 并列句:一个句子当中包含两个或更多互不相依存的主谓结构,中间用一些连接词连接起来的句子。
并列句不能只用逗号隔开,而要用连接词连接。
连接词:
(1)并列关系句型:连接词有and, as well as, either…or…,neither…nor…,not only…but also…
eg: Last year I met Kate and we became friends.
Either my uncle can do it, or my aunt can do it.
(2)转折概念并列句型:转折词有but
eg: It has no mouth, but it can talk.
(3)对比关系的并列句型:
eg: He liked sports, while I would rather collect stamps.
练****2009年6月阅读
Cerling‘s team collected tap water samples from 600 cities and constructed a mop of the regional differences.(简单句)
Most hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water are stable, but traces of both elements are also present as heavier isotopes. (并列句)

简单句和并列句是复合句的基础。
二、句子成分
句子六大成分:主谓宾、定状表。
主语、宾语和表语:通常由代词或者名词构成,
定语:修饰名词;
状语:修饰形容词或者动词;
表语:接在系动词后面;
(一).代词:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、不定代词。
1人称代词:第一、二、三人称,主格、宾格、所有格;
I,you ,he,she, it, me, you, him, her, it, my, your, his, her, its.
2 物主代词
①形容词性物主代词:my, your, his, her, our, their,后面加名词;
②名词性物主代词:mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs,后面不能加名词。
eg: May I borrow your pen?
Mine is missing.
3反身代词:通过反身代词指代主语,使动作发出者把动作在形式上反射到发出者本人。强调人称问题。
eg:I myself took Mary to the airport.
I cooked it myself.
4. 指示代词:this, that, these, those
5. 不定代词:some,someone,something,any,anyone,anything,no,no one,nothing,all,both,neither,either,each,every,everybody,everyone,everything.
一些比较重要的不定代词之间的区别:
(1)all, each, every:
① all和every可以指代三个或三个以上的人或物;all可以表示所有东西的总和,是一个不可分割的整体; each只能表示两个或两个以上的人,侧重个体;
② all和every侧重整体,each侧重个体;
eg:Every staff of the university contributed to the fund.
Two girls came, and I gave an apple to each.
(2)everyone&every one
everyone等同于everybody,all people ,指的是所有的人;
eg:Everyone thinks they have the right to be here.
every one既可以指人,也可以指物,强调一个个体,通常用every one of ;
eg:Every one of us has faults and ings.
Every one of the films w