资源文献--如何写好英语作文.doc

如何写好英语作文
(作者:葛文山)
一、布局谋篇
在动笔之前,学生需要先审题,了解题目的要求,对文章的体裁和结构有一个整体的宏观规划。一般来说,高考英语作文是一篇100—150字的英语小短文,通常由两三段构成,构建语篇的篇章结构有以下四种基本方法[1]:
㈠列举描述法
在讲故事时,我们常常使用列举描述法(collection/description),通过时间顺序或空间顺序,罗列一些事实观点、事情的细节、特征等零散的信息。在报刊杂志中,记者往往采取新闻写作法(journalistic writing style)来构思行文,一篇新闻报道必须包括五个W,也就是who, what, where, when and why. 例如2012年北京高考卷的作文题:
假设你是红星中学高三1班的学生李华,校报英文版正在开展续写雷锋日记活动。请根据以下四幅图的先后顺序,将你所做的一件好事以日记形式记述下来,向校报投稿。
 
【样文】This morning, walking on the street, I met two strangers who were studying a map. They looking worried, I realized that they must have been lost, so I asked them what I could help them with. They told me that they would go to the Temple of Heaven. Then I led them to the nearby bus stop and told them a No. 20 bus could take them right there. Soon afterwards, the bus arrived. Not until they got on the bus did I wave goodbye to them and left. I was so glad that I could help others.
上面这篇样文就是按照时间顺序来布局谋篇的,常使用到一些表示时间的过渡词,如shortly after, ever since, at the same time, before long, first, second等。表示空间顺序的过渡词有:on the left, in the middle/center of, at the foot/top/end of, on the other side of, to the left/right of等。
㈡因果关系法
因果关系法(cause/effect)可以先阐述原因,再说结果,也可以先提出一个社会现象,然后分析导致这个现象的原因。例如2012年高考安徽卷的英语作文题:
假设美国某中学的学生明天来你校访问交流,主题是高中生对文、理科的选择。请你用英语写一篇发言稿,向他们介绍你所做的选择,并说明选择的理由。
【样文】High school students are faced with a choice between arts and science. Most students make their fina