城市如何增强竞争力.ppt

城市如何增强竞争力? What Can Cities Do to petitiveness?
张明 Zhang Ming
首席城市经济师 Lead Urban Economist
拉丁美洲和加勒比海区
Latin America and Caribbean Region
世界银行 World Bank
基于巴西城市竞争力研究
Results from the Study on petitiveness and Growth in Brazil
Competition: More Global and Intensive竞争: 更全球化也更激烈
billion increase in global workforce
lower transport cost : saving = 12% of value of shipped goods 交通成本下降达货物价值的12%
FDI growth = 2 × trade growth = 2 × e growth FDI 增速= 2 x 贸易增速= 2 x 收入增速
Vertical disintegration: firm outsourcing global value chain 垂直分工:企业外包全球产业链
Diminution of manufacturing, and shift in position 制造业重要性相对降低,且其内涵变化
Non-tradeable  Tradeable 非交易型交易型
What Determines petitiveness?什么因素决定城市竞争力?
COMPETITIVENESS竞争力
Macroeconomic environment宏观经济环境
Historical legacy历史因素
Strong tendency petitive advantages to endure 竞争优势的持续性
Localized increasing returns (agglomeration & localization econs) 地方报酬递增(集聚经济和地方经济效益)
Capacity to reinvent 重塑能力
Innovation创新
Human capital 人力资源
Clustering; knowledge spillovers 知识外溢
petition地方竞争
Infrastructure, governance, etc. 基础设施,管理等
Innovation- the key petitiveness…and location factors critical 创新至关重要区位因素作用重大
Knowledge sharing & exchange知识共享和交流
Learning by observation 通过观察学****br/>Learning by face to m 通过面对面交流学****br/>Learning thru leaving通过离开学****br/>Knowledge dissemination facilitated by proximity & clustering of economic activities近距离与经济活动集聚促进知识传播
Knowledge sharing & exchanges  increased synergy among firms 知识共享和交流企业间协同效应
Endogenous growth theory  self-sustaining growth with co-learning by agents内源性增长理论: 通过相互学****形成自我持续性增长
coordination failure  role for other players 协调需要第三者介入
Sources: Lucas (1988); Feldman and Audretsch (1999) & OECD (2006)
Innovation  Hi-Tech 创新高技术
Impossible for all cities pete by specialising in new knowledge & R&D intensive industries…不可能所有城市都靠新知识和研发密集型产业竞争
But, knowledge upgrading not confined to “high-tech” industries- . the Dutch flower cluster 但知识更新不限于高科技产业
“there is no such thing a