体系结构-研课程要点与复习.ppt

高级体系结构课程要点
第一章前言
计算机技术快速法进步的原因
技术进步--Moore定律发展
体系结构发展
体系结构演化过程
现代计算机体系结构的组成
高级计算机体系结构研究范畴
zjpine@
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Flynn分类法---定性
冯氏分类法---定量
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What is pipelining?
How is the pipelining Implemented?
What makes pipelining hard to implement?
How does CPI descend ?
CPI=1
CPI<1
CPI<<1
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Ideal speedup equal to Number of pipe stages
MIPS instruction format
Works in the MIPS 5 stage pipeline
The MIPS pipelining
Pipeline hazard: the major hurdle
Structural hazards
Data hazards
Control hazards
be resolved by Stall
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“ double bump”
Insert stall
provide another memory port
split instruction memory and data memory
use instruction buffer
fully pipelined function unit
Why allow machine with structural hazard ?
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Interlock: insert stalls
Detect: Data Hazard Logic
Forwarding: reduce data hazard piler to avoid load stall
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Move the putation Forward
Simple solutions
Freeze or flush the pipeline
Predict-not-taken (Predict-untaken)
Treat every branch as not taken
Predict-taken
Treat every branch as taken
Delayed branch
a,b,c
Cancelling function
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complex pipeline structure
Pipelining time parameter
Latency
Initiation interval
The out of order
The new types of data hazards
RAW Stalls arising
WAW
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CPIpipelined
= Ideal pipeline CPI+ pipeli