高中化学基础知识.doc

高中化学基础知识.doc1,氧化性:F2+H2===2HFF2+Xe(过量)===XeF22F2(过量)+Xe===XeF4nF2+2M===2MFn( 表示大部分金属 )2F2+2H2O===4HF+O22F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2OF2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI===2NaF+I2F2+Cl2(等体积)===2ClF3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF37F2(过量)+I2===2IF7Cl2+H2===2HCl3Cl2+2P===2PCl3Cl2+PCl3===PCl5Cl2+2Na===2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe===2FeCl3Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3Cl2+Cu===CuCl22Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2NaI===2NaCl+I25Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HClCl2+Na2S===2NaCl+SCl2+H2S===2HCl+SCl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClCl2+H2O2===2HCl+O22O2+3Fe===Fe3O4O2+K===KO2S+H2===H2S2S+C===CS2S+Fe===FeSS+2Cu===Cu2S3S+2Al===Al2S3S+Zn===ZnSN2+3H2===2NH3N2+3Mg===Mg3N2N2+3Ca===Ca3N2N2+3Ba===Ba3N2N2+6Na===2Na3NN2+6K===2K3NN2+6Rb===2Rb3NP2+6H2===4PH3P+3Na===Na3P2P+3Zn===+O2===SO2S+6HNO3(浓)===H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O3S+4HNO3( 稀)===3SO2+4NO+2H2ON2+O2===2NO4P+5O2===P4O10( 常写成P2O5)2P+3X2===2PX3 (X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)PX3+X2===PX5P4+20HNO3(浓)===4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OC+2F2===CF4C+2Cl2===CCl42C+O2(少量)===2COC+O2(足量)===CO2C+CO2===2COC+H2O===CO+H2( 生成水煤气)2C+SiO2===Si+2CO( 制得粗硅)Si(粗)+2Cl===SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2===Si( 纯)+4HCl)Si(粉)+O2===SiO2Si+C===SiC( 金刚砂)Si+2NaOH+H2O===Na2SiO3+2H2,(碱中)歧化Cl2+H2O===HCl+HClO(加酸抑制歧化,加碱或光照促进歧化)Cl2+2NaOH===NaCl+NaClO+H2O2Cl2+2Ca(OH)2===CaCl2+Ca (ClO)2+2H2O3Cl2+6KOH(热,浓)===5KCl+KClO3+3H2O3S+6NaOH===2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O===PH3+3KH2PO211P+15CuSO4+24H2O===5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaO===CaC2+CO3C+SiO2===SiC+2CO二,金属单质( Na,Mg,Al,Fe)的还原性2Na+H2===2NaH4Na+O2===2Na2O2Na2O+O2===2Na2O22Na+O2===Na2O22Na+S===Na2S (爆炸)2Na+2H2O===2NaOH+H22Na+2NH3===2NaNH2+H24Na+TiCl4(熔融)===4NaCl+TiMg+Cl2===MgCl2Mg+Br2===MgBr22Mg+O2===2MgOMg+S===MgSMg+2H2O===Mg (OH)2+H22Mg+TiCl4(熔融)===Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl===MgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO2===2MgO+C2Mg+SiO2===2MgO+SiMg+H2S===MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4===MgSO4+H22Al+3Cl2===2AlCl34Al+3O2===2Al2O3 (钝化)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2()+4Hg4Al+3MnO2===2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3===Al2O3+2Cr2Al+Fe2O3===Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeO===Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H22Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3 中钝化)Al+4HNO(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O2Al+