4.framework aring cultures英文资料.ppt

Session Five: Framework paring cultures
Frameworks have been developed in different disciplines: psychology, anthropology, international business / management, and linguistics
Frameworks in psychology
Research within social psychology and cross-cultural psychology has mainly concentrated on fundamental values, and has aimed to identify a number of key dimensions on which different cultural groups can pared.
Hofstede's Dimensions
Hofstede文化模式的类型
个体主义与集体主义(Individualism-Collectivism)
-------着眼于个体还是集体
阳刚/阴柔性(Masculinity-Femininity)
-------追求物质生活还是强调人际和谐
权势距离(Power Distance)
-------人们对社会或组织中权利分配不平等的接受程度
不确定性规避(Uncertainty Avoidance)
-------对事物不确定性的容忍程度
时间导向(Long-term---short-term Orientation)
(也被称为儒家工作动力观Confucian Dynamism)
-------着眼于现在还是着眼于未来
These dimensions were arrived in his 1980 publication, "Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values." The study took existing survey data (sample size of 116,000) collected from a multinational corporation(IBM).
40 countries (done in the early 1970s), more than 50 responds in each country
Individualism vs Collectivism
On individualist cultures Hofstede’s respondents said that individuals should look after their own interests and the interests of their immediate family (husband, wife, and children). Individualism stands for a society in which the ties between individuals are loose.
On the other hand, in collectivist cultures it was said that any person through birth belongs to one or more cohesive collectives (“in-group”), from which he or she cannot detach himself or herself. The in-group (for example, the extended family with grandparents and either paternal or maternal uncles, aunts, and cousins --- or on a larger scale, the nation and its governmental institutions) should protect the interests of its members but in exchange can expect their permanent loyalty.
Traits of Highly Individualist Cultures
Emphasis on individual initiative, decisions, and achievement.
Traits of Collectivist C