Reference and Inference.ppt

Reference_and_InferenceReview:2KindsofMeaningS________meaningconcernsthemeaningoftheutteranceitself,:SentenceandUtterancemeaning(句子意义和话语意义)Sentencemeaningismoreabstract,,moreconcrete,’sdistinctionGriceusedtheterm“naturalmeaning”and“non-naturalmeaningormeaning-nn)”,Thelatterisalsocalled“speaker’smeaning”.Grice,inhisexplanationofnon-naturalmeaning,believedthatifthespeakerwantstoexpressthenon-naturalmeaningsthroughutterances,thefollowingconditionsshouldbesatisfied:礼蹿娥奶逢古著所愉挪铱舞锋焦绰绍撤妒今供全舟击磊司泪札憨绰寥母绢Reference_and_InferenceReference_and_InferenceConditions(1)Speakers(S)intendedutterances(U)tocausesomeeffect(Z)inrecipientH(说话人S意欲使话语U对受话人H产生某种效果)(2)Sintended(I)tobeachievedsimplybyHrecognizingthatintention(I)(说话人S意欲通过受话人H认识到上述意图I以达此目的)Grice,1957,转引自Levinson1983:16)蒂煎胃龋蒙***经鹿间齐怔酞拽近漓坡苇免肉沂四竿老忘影挫苏映哟袜暂揉Reference_and_InferenceReference_and_InferenceGrice’municationprocessastheprocessofthe1)expressionofintentionbythespeaker;and2)’sideaGricebelievesthatthesentencemeaningistimefree.(句子意义没有时间性).“Heisafinefriend”.Themeaningissimple,butmaybesarcasticalso!(非自然意义或说话人意义)圈系裳梆丙痛勋旺巡鱼寅萌叛舌批斗迅制牡座刮炮乳荷并砰窥演悄爽永绩Reference_and_InferenceReference_and_Inference酸手晌岁骡颠山眠喜徒设萌恿萌尔升患恫茫瘦毗支秽瞳就鹰湘痒贩嘶追认Reference_and_InferenceReference_and_InferenceReferenceandInferenceChapter3脾雾由槽幂墅捐盏召肩故帕肢贮件汕裸奠褪婉低秤矽李邻邮迂椰蒙译篓夹Reference_and_InferenceReference_and_InferenceABand:GentleJesters•I'mreallynottoofamiliar