生物信息学基础讲座.ppt

生物信息学基础讲座第2讲生物信息学中的生物学生物学基础知识生物学基本概念biologicalconcepts生物大分子macromolecules生物过程biologicalprocesses生物学实验技术biologicaltechniques测序技术sequencing:大分子序列NMR/X-ray技术:大分子结构Microarray技术:基因表达酵母双杂交Y2H:蛋白-蛋白相互作用生物学数据biologicaldata序列数据:DNA/RNA/蛋白质序列结构数据:蛋白质/复合物二维/三维结构表达数据:microarray/Chip-chip数据生物学数据库biologicaldatabases文献数据库:Pubmed核酸数据库:Genbank/EMBL/DDBJ基因组数据库:UCSCGenomeBrowser蛋白数据库:Genprot/Swissprot/结构数据库:PDB表达数据库:GEO/SMD基因通路数据库:KEGG其他专业数据库:Flybase/MGI/WormbaseBiologicalNomenclatureNeedtoknowthemeaningof:anism,cell,nucleus,chromosome,DNAGenome,gene,base,residue,protein,aminoacidTranscription,translation,messengerRNACodons,ode,evolution,mutation,crossoverPolymer,genotype,phenotype,conformationInheritance,homology,anismCellNucleusChromosomeDNAstrandGeneBaseProteinAminoAcidSubstructureFoldsintoAffectstheFunctionofAffectstheBehaviourofPrescribesCellsBasicunitoflifeDifferenttypesofcell:Skin,brain,red/whitebloodDifferentbiologicalfunctionCellsproducedbycellsCelldivision(mitosis)ellsHaveanucleusNucleusandChromosomesEachcellhasnucleusRod-shapedparticlesinsideArechromosomesWhichwethinkofinpairsDifferentnumberforspeciesHuman(46),o(48)Goldfish(94),chimp(48)UsuallypairedupX&YChromosomesHumans:Male(xy),Female(xx)Birds:Male(xx),Female(xy)anismSupercoiledDNA(Deoxyribonucleicacid)Takeahuman,hestructureofallchromosonalDNAYou’vejustreadthehumangenome(for1person)Humangenomeproject13years,(bases)inhumangenomeOthergenomesbeing/beendecoded:Pufferfish,fruitfly,mouse,chicken,yeast,bacteriaDNAStructureDoubleHelix(Crick&Watson)2coiledmatchingstrandsBackboneofsugarphosphatepairsNitrogenousBasePairsRoughly20atomsinabaseAdenineThymine[A,T]CytosineGuanine[C,G]Weakbonds(canbebroken)FormlongchainscalledpolymersReadthesequenceon1strandGATTCATCATGGATCATACTAACDifferencesinDNA2%tinyRoughly4%ShareMaterialDNAdifferentiates:Species/race/genderIndividualsWeshareDNAwithPrimates,mammalsFish,plants,anismNatureandnurtureGenesChunksofDNAsequenceBetween600and1200baseslong32,000humangenes,100,000genesintulip