History of Artificial Intelligence - MultiEdu.ppt

1History of Artificial IntelligenceDana NejedlováDepartment of InformaticsFaculty of EconomicsTechnical University of Liberec2What is Intelligence??Common definition of artificial intelligence:–AI is a field which attempts to build intelligent machines and tries to understand intelligent entities.?But what is intelligence?–Learning, manipulating with facts, but also creativity, consciousness, emotion and intuition.?Can machines be intelligent?–Up to the present day it is not sure whether it is possible to build a machine that has all aspects of intelligence.–This kind of research is central in the field of Is Artificial Intelligence??Building machines that are able of symbolic processing, recognition, learning, and other forms of inference?Solving problems that must use heuristic search instead of analytic approach?Using inexact, missing, or poorly defined information–Finding representational formalisms pensate this?Reasoning about significant qualitative features of a situation?Working with syntax and semantics?Finding answers that are neither exact nor optimal but in some sense ?sufficient“?The use of large amounts of domain-specific knowledge?The use of meta-level knowledge (knowledge about knowledge) to effect more sophisticated control of problem solving strategies4Before the Creation of puters?Ancient and medieval myths–Talos, Pandora, Golem?artificial men, robots, automatons?Research in the antiquity till the 17th century–Aristotle, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz?automation of reasoning–Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes?mechanistic understanding of living beings?20th century, 1948–Norbert Wiener – ics: Or the Control munication in the Animal and the Machine.?Intelligent behavior is the result of the feedback Beginnings of puters?John Louis von Neumann (1903 – 1957)–Von Neumann’s architecture of puter?Consultations on the EDVAC Project (1945)–Game Theory (1944)?It can be applied to the interacting intelligent agents.–Cellular automata (1966)?The