physical Chemistry.pdf

Physical chemistry Physical chemistry 物理化学物理化学?? Thermodynamics Thermodynamics ( ( 热力学热力学) ) ?? Classical thermodynamics Classical thermodynamics ?? Statistical thermodynamics Statistical thermodynamics ?? Nonequilibrium Nonequilibrium thermodynamics thermodynamics 1. 1. Chemical thermodynamics Chemical thermodynamics ( ( 化学热力学) 化学热力学) ? Extensive property ( ( 广度性质广度性质) ) volume weight heat capacity internal energy ?? Intensive property Intensive property ( ( 强度性质强度性质) ) temperature pressure density viscosity ?? Homogeneous /Heterogeneous system Homogeneous /Heterogeneous system ?? Open / Closed /Isolated system Open / Closed /Isolated system ?? Adiabatic system / Adiabatic system / Diathermic Diathermic system system ?? Isothermal/ Isobaric/ Isochoric process Isothermal/ Isobaric/ Isochoric process Diathermic Diathermic ( ( 透热的透热的) ) , adiabatic , adiabatic ( ( 绝热的绝热的) ) Exothermic Exothermic ( ( 放热的放热的) ) , endothermic , endothermic ( ( 吸热的吸热的) ) ?? Enthalpy Enthalpy (焓) (焓) ?? Entropy Entropy (熵(熵) ) ?? Isenthalpic /Isentropic process Isenthalpic /Isentropic process ?? Quasi static process Quasi static process ( ( 准稳态准稳态~ ~ ) ) ?? Reversible /Irreversible process Reversible /Irreversible process ?? Spontaneous / Spontaneous / Nonspontaneous Nonspontaneous process process ?? Enthalpy Enthalpy ( ( 焓焓) ) H=U+pV p is the pressure of the system and V is its volume. As U, p and V are all state functions, the enthalpy is also a state function. The change of enthalpy, Δ H , between any pair of initial and final states is independent of the path between them. ?? Entropy Entropy ( ( 熵)熵)Δ S=S B -S A =(Q/T) R a measure of disorder a measure of disorder . . ?? The disorder in a system is called its The disorder in a system is called its entropy entropy , , S S . A crystal lattice at 0 K has . A crystal lattice at 0 K has perfect order and therefore zero entropy. perfect order and therefore zero entropy. The hotter