违反合作原则的20个samples样稿.doc

违反合作标准产生特殊会话含义具体事例
合作标准共包含四大准则，其下又分为若干小则，格莱斯曾指出，反语（irony）、隐喻（metaphor）、夸张（hyperbole）和缓叙（meiosis）全部会最终造成合作标准违反现象，现依据四大准则进行举例分析。
合作标准 Cooperative Principle
（一）量准则 Maxim of Quantity
所说之话应包含交谈目标所需要信息。Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purpose of the exchange；
(2)所说之话不应包含超出需要信息。Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
For example,
1. Earl: I just want to look nice for my son when he comes in.
Max: What? I am going to meet your kid?
Earl: Well, one of them.
Max:“One of them?” How many do you have?
Earl: So far?
Max: Oh, Earl, I love you.
Earl: This is my son, Darius. He is the Chrysler salesman in all of Detroit. And he is my very favorite if he is the one I
’m thinking of.
(From Bankruptcy Sisters)
Analyze: This is a scene of Bankruptcy Sisters, Earl only told he dressed so decently to meet his son, but didn’t say clearly if Max would meet his son together, that`s why Max felt puzzled and asked him how many of his sons; then Earl answered“So far?” , until the last sentence he did tell the purpose for meeting his son and add another unnecessary message “ if he is the one I’m thinking of.” Because of the hiatus or the redundancy of their conversation, makes the audiences fall into a reverie and sets a humorous comedy atmosphere.
2. Caroline: Oh my God! Is he your father?
Max: Yes, he is my father. And my mother is a piece of chalk.
(From Bankruptcy Sisters)
Analyze: This is a conversation between Caroline and Max. Caroline asked if the man came into the cafe was Max’s father, Max answer “Yes” but add one more sentence “And my mother is piece of chalk.” which indicated the man was not Max ‘s father at all. Obviously, though this situation is typical message redundancy, it helps the listeners to understand the speaker’s real meaning and humor.
：老婆，请问一下你会不会打我？
柳小姐：我干嘛要打你啊？