2021年lecture08主语确定.ppt

Lecture #8 Determining the Subject a Sentence 主语的确定
Introduction
Contrast between topic and subject
Types of English subjects
Principles for determining subjects
Summary
After-class practice
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lecture08主语确定
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钱你不用还了。
这锅饭能吃十个人。
这匹马骑着两个人。
被人缠上是件讨厌的事儿。
老子打儿子, 天经地义。
上面坐着主席团。
从她那儿能找到解决问题的办法。
说的是古代的一个老头，名叫愚公
Introduction
You don’t have to pay it back/repay the money.
The meal can feed ten people.
On the horse were riding two people.
It is a disgusting thing to be pestered/troubled.
It is perfectly justified for a father to beat his own son. Also see:
On the platform sat the presidium.
We can get a solution from her.
The story is about an old man named Yugong in ancient times.
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lecture08主语确定
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It is only right and proper that we should pay taxes to the state.
给国家纳税是天经地义的事。
Another case of “天经地义”
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lecture08主语确定
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Contrast between topic and subject
“（主谓）这种句子(即使把被动的动作也算进去，把‘是’也算进去)的比例是不大的,也许比50%大不了多少。因此，在汉语里,把主语、谓语当作话题和说明来看待，比较合适。” -------- 赵元任《汉语口语语法》
Chinese -- topic-prominent language
English -- subject-prominent language
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lecture08主语确定
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Types of English subjects
Susan is growing flowers．
Her books translate well．
A stone broke the glass．
The jar contains honey.
Yesterday was Monday.
The dispute over the problem lasted a decade．
It is very late． It is very hot in summer here.
It is impossible to finish the paper in ten minutes.
agentive subject 施动主语
affected subject 受动主语
instrumental subject 工具主语
locative subject 地点主语
temporal subject 时间主语
eventive subject 事件主语
It 作主语，表时间、气候或距离 +It 作形式主语
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lecture08主语确定
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Principles for determining English subjects
Adding subjects in case of Chinese subjectless sentences
Choosing as subjects what is prominent in the sentences
Choosing subjects in line with the English way of thinking
Choosing subjects with English collocation in mind
Choosing subjects to achieve cohesiveness
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lecture08主语确定
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Adding subjects in case of Chinese subjectless senten