辅音ppt课件.ppt

Consonants:
Stops, fricatives and affricates
What are consonants?
Consonants are made by stopping the airflow in your mouth, either partially or completely.
1. Stops/Plosives - English has six bursts or explosive sounds produced by complete closure of the vocal tract followed by a rapid release of the closure - 'p', 't', 'k', 'b', 'd', 'g'.
2. Fricatives - English has nine fricatives - weak or strong friction noises produced when the articulators are close enough together to cause turbulence in the airflow.
3. Affricates - English has two affricates - plosives released with frication - "church" and "judge".
4. Nasals - English has three nasals in which the airflow is blocked completely at some point in the oral tract, but in which the lowering of the velum allows a weak flow of energy to pass through the nose.
5. Approximants - English has four approximants - the 'w' in "won", the 'l' in "like", the 'r' in "red", and the 'y' in "yes." In these phonemes, there is more constriction in the vocal tract than for the vowels, but less than the other consonant categories below.
English consonants and their description
/p/- voiceless bilabio stop
/b/- voiced bilabio stop
/t/- voiceless alveolar stop
/d/- voiced alveolar stop
/k/- voiceless velar stop
/g/- voiced velar stop
/f/- voiceless labiodental fricative
/v/- voiced labiodental fricative
/∫/- voiceless dental fricative
/ ʒ /- voiced dental fricative
/s/- voiceless alveolar fricatives
/z/- voiced alveolar fricative
Stops: /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/
What are stop consonants?
The stop consonants are made by completely stopping the airflow in the mouth, and then releasing the airflow into the sounds.
Questions for discussion
What are the differences between stops at the beginning of a word and those at the end? e. g. pat, lap
How to discriminate sounds like need and neat?
Voiceless stops
At the beginning: strong releasing (送气); pat
At the end: very weak; lap
Voiced stops
At the beginning: