基于51超声波测距系统设计.doc

基于51超声波测距系统设计
内容摘要：超声波是指频率在20kHz以上的声波，它属于机械波。超声波也遵循一般机械波在弹性介质中的传播规律，如在介质的分界面处发生反射和折射现象，在进入介质后被介质吸收而发生衰减等。正是因为具有这些性质，使得超声波可以用于距离的测量中。随着科技水平的不断提高，超声波测距技术被广泛应用于人们日常工作和生活之中。 
系统的设计主要包括两部分，即硬件电路和软件程序。硬件电路主要包括发射电路、接收电路、单片机电路、电源电路和显示电路，另外还有LCD控制电路和复位电路等。我采用以AT89S51单片机为核心的低成本、高精度、微型化数字显示超声波测距仪的硬件电路。整个电路采用模块化设计，由信号发射和接收、供电、温度测量、显示等模块组成。发射探头的信号经放大和检波后发射出去，单片机的计时器开始计时，超声波被发射后按原路返回，在经过放大带通滤波整形等环节,然后被单片机接收，计数器停止工作并得到时间。温度测量后送到单片机，通过程序对速度进行校正， 结合两者实现超声波测距的功能。软件程序由主程序、发射子程序、接收子程序、预置子程序、显示子程序等模块组成。它控制单片机进行数据发送与接收，在一定温度下对超声波速度的校正，还有实现数据正确显示在LCD上。另外程序控制单片机消除各探头对发射和接收超声波的影响。相关部分附有硬件电路图、程序流程图。 
实际的环境对超声波有很大的影响，如外部电磁干扰电源干扰信道干扰等等，空气的温度对超声波的速度影响也很大。此外供电电源也会使测量差生很大的误差。在设计的过程中考虑了这些因素，并给出了一些解决方案。
关键词：AT89S51 超声波 测距
Design for The ultrasonic ranging system
Abstract: Is the frequency at 20kHz ultrasonic sound waves above , it is a mechanical wave . Also follow the general mechanical ultrasonic wave propagation in elastic media , such as reflection and refraction at the interface media into the media after the decay occurs , such as dielectric absorption . It is because of these properties , so that ultrasound can be used to measure the distance .
With increasing levels of technology , ultrasonic ranging technology is widely used among people's daily work and of the system consists of two parts , namely hardware and software programs. The hardware circuit includes a transmitter circuit, a receiver circuit, the microcontroller circuit, a power supply circuit and a display circuit , in addition to the LCD control circuit and a reset circuit. I used to AT89S51 core, low-cost, high-precision, miniaturized ultrasonic rangefinder digital display hardware circuits. The entire circuit is modular in design , the signal transmission and reception , power , temperature measurement and display module. Signal amplification and detection probe launch after launch out MCU timer is started , the original way back after the ultrasound was launched , after amplification bandpas