经济增长与国际贸易(1).ppt

Chapter 10
International Trade and
Economic Growth
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There is a great diversity among the developing countries in terms of their income per capita.
Why are some countries so much poorer than others?
For about 30 years after World War II trade policies in many developing countries were strongly influenced by the belief that the key to economic development was creation of a strong manufacturing sector.
The best way to create a strong manufacturing sector was by protecting domestic manufacturers from international competition.
Introduction
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Introduction
Table 1: Gross Domestic Product Per Capita, 1999 (dollars)
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Definition & Types of Growth
Definition of Growth
Increases in factor endowments
Factor-saving technological progress
Types of Growth
Balanced Growth
Biased Growth:
Import Replacing (IR) Growth
Export Expanding (EE) Growth
Example:
China—— labor abundant ,
Rice:labor-intensive, Steel:capital- intensive
Export rice & Import steel
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The balanced growth —— both industries grow at the same rate.
Steel
Rice
Balanced Growth
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IR Growth
“进口替代型增长”指的是进口替代行业的生产能力增长得比较快，从而使得国内生产增加，一部分原来进口的商品被国内的产品替代了。
Steel
Rice
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From World War II until the 1970s many developing countries attempted to accelerate their development by limiting imports of manufactured goods to foster a manufacturing sector serving the domestic market.
The most important economic argument for protecting manufacturing industries is the infant industry argument.
Import-Substituting Industrialization
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Import-Substituting Industrialization
The Infant Industry Argument
It states that developing countries have a potential comparative advantage in manufacturing and they can realize that potential through an initial period of protection.
It implies that it is a good idea to use tariffs or import quotas as temporary measures to get industrialization started.
Example: The . and Germ