Introduction to the biology and technology of DNA microarrays.ppt

Introduction to the biology and technology of DNA microarrays
Biology primer
The cell
The basic unit of any anism.
It contains plete copy of anism's genome.
Humans: trillions of cells (metazoa);
anisms like yeast: one cell (protozoa).
Cells are of many different types (. blood, skin, nerve cells, etc.), but all can be traced back to one special cell, the fertilized egg.
The eukaryotic cell
Eukaryotes vs. prokaryotes
Prokaryotic cells: lack a distinct, membrane-bound nucleus.
. bacteria.
Eukaryotic cells: distinct, membrane-bound nucleus.
Larger and plex in structure than prokariotic cells.
. mammals, yeast.
The eukaryotic cell
Nucleus: membrane enclosed structure which contains chromosomes, ., DNA molecules carrying genes essential to cellular function.
Cytoplasm: the material between the nuclear and cell membranes; includes fluid (cytosol), organelles, and various membranes.
Ribosome: small posed of RNAs and proteins that function in protein synthesis.
The eukaryotic cell
Organelles: a membrane enclosed structure found in the cytoplasm.
Vesicle: small cavity or sac, especially one filled with fluid.
Mitochondrion: organelle found in most eukaryotic cells in which respiration and energy generation occurs.
Mitochondrial DNA: codes for ribosomal RNAs and transfer RNAs used in the mitochondrion, and contains only 13 recognizable genes that code for polypeptides.
The eukaryotic cell
Centrioles: either of a pair of cylindrical bodies, composed of microtubules (spindles). Determine cell polarity, used during mitosis and meiosis.
Endoplasmic reticulum: network of membranous vesicles to which ribosomes are often attached.
Golgi apparatus: network of vesicles functioning in the manufacture of proteins.
Cilia: very small hairlike projections found on certain types of cells. Can be used for movement.
Chromosomes