Atherosclerosis 227 (2013) 9e17
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Atherosclerosis
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Review
Emerging biomarkers and intervention targets for
immune-modulation of atherosclerosis e A review of the
experimental evidence
Harry Björkbacka*, Gunilla Nordin Fredrikson, Jan Nilsson
Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
article info abstract
Article history: The role of inflammation in atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability is well recognized. However, it is
Received 16 July 2012 only during recent years it has become evident that this inflammation is modulated by immune
Received in revised form responses against plaque antigens such as oxidized LDL. Interestingly, both protective and pathogenic
30 October 2012
immune responses exist and experimental data from animal studies suggest that modulation of these
Accepted 31 October 2012
immune responses rep
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