History of Artificial Intelligence.ppt

1 History of Artificial Intelligence Dana Nejedlov á Department of Informatics Faculty of Economics Technical University of Liberec 2 What is Intelligence? ? Common definition of artificial intelligence: – AI is a field which attempts to build intelligent machines and tries to understand intelligent entities. ? But what is intelligence? – Learning, manipulating with facts, but also creativity, consciousness, emotion and intuition. ? Can machines be intelligent? – Up to the present day it is not sure whether it is possible to build a machine that has all aspects of intelligence. – This kind of research is central in the field of AI. 3 What Is Artificial Intelligence? ? Building machines that are able of symbolic processing , recognition, learning, and other forms of inference ? Solving problems that must use heuristic search instead of analytic approach ? Using inexact, missing, or poorly defined information – Finding representational formalisms pensate this ? Reasoning about significant qualitative features of a situation ? Working with syntax and semantics ? Finding answers that are neither exact nor optimal but in some sense ? sufficient “? The use of large amounts of domain-specific knowledge ? The use of meta-level knowledge (knowledge about knowledge) to effect more sophisticated control of problem solving strategies 4 Before the Creation of Electronic Computers ? Ancient and medieval myths – Talos, Pandora, Golem ? artificial men, robots , automatons ? Research in the antiquity till the 17th century – Aristotle, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ? automation of reasoning – Thomas Hobbes, Ren é Descartes ? mechanistic understanding of living beings ? 20th century, 1948 – Norbert Wiener – ics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. ? Intelligent behavior is the result of the feedback mechanism. 5 The Beginnings of Electronic Computers ? John Louis von Neumann (1903 – 1957) – Von Neumann ’ s architecture of puter ? Consultation