材料科学基础_01.ppt

材料科学基础Fundamental of Materials
Prof: Tian Min Bo
Tel: 62795426 ,62772851
E-mail: ******@.
Department of Material Science and Engineering
Tsinghua University. Beijing 100084
Lesson one
Materials Science deals with the relationship between the macroscopic properties and the microscopic structures.
§ Atomic structure
Ⅰ.Atomic numbers and atomic masses
1. Atomic Models
Chapter I
Atomic Structure and Bonding
2. Atomic numbers
The atomic number of an atom indicates the number of protons (positively charged particles) which are in its nucleus, and in a neutral atom the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons in its charge cloud.
All the elements have been classified according to electron configuration in the periodic table.
The periodic table
IA
碱金属
碱土金属
过渡元素
0
1
H
IIA
主族金属
非金属
稀有气体
IIIA
IVA
VA
VIA
VIIA
He
2
Li
Be
轻稀土金属
重稀土金属
贵金属
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
3
Na
Mg
IIB
IVB
VB
VIB
VIIB
VIIB
IB
IIB
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
4
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
5
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
6
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
7
Fr
Ra
Ac
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Uun
Uuu
Uub
镧系
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
锕系
Ac
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
3. Atomic mass
The relative atomic mass of an element is the mass in grams of ×1023 atoms (Avogadro’s number NA) of that element.
Ⅱ.The electronic structure of atoms
1. Quantum numbers
Quantum numbers are the numbers in an atom that assign electrons to discrete energy levels.
The energy level to which each electron belongs is determined by four quantum numbers.
The principal quantum number n
The subsidiary quantum number l
The ic quantum number ml
Electron spin quantum number ms
2. Atomic size
3. Electron configurations
Pauli exclusion principle
This principle stipulates tha