元青花与浮梁磁局及其窑场.doc

(1)元青花与浮梁磁局及其窑场
Yuan Dynasty Blue-and-White, Fuliang Porcelain Factory and Its
Kilns
Jiang Jianxin
内容提要：
至元十五年（1278年）忽必烈王朝在景德镇设置“浮梁磁局”—一个专为皇家烧造瓷器的机构。根据实物
和文献推断，浮梁磁局的设置很可能与当时元廷需要质“纯”的祭器有关，湖田窑烧造的“玉”字铭器，可能是
浮梁磁局烧制的第一批制品。磁局的烧造活动不是长年累月都有，而是当朝廷“有命”的情况下才产生，磁局
的窑场似乎不像明、清御厂那样有专门独立的厂址，而是选择了有一定基础的优秀民窑作为定点的窑场，当
时有可能成为磁局的窑场的大概是湖田窑和落马桥及珠山明御厂一带。元青花当是浮梁磁局的产物。“至正
十一”年铭青花象耳瓶似为元政权开始瓦解情况下，浮梁磁局的工匠为民间定烧的制品，景德镇其他窑场，
如曾家弄、戴家弄等窑址烧造的元青花瓷，可能是在元官窑影响下生产的产品。
关键词：
元青花 浮梁磁局 窑场
Abstract: The Fuliang Porcelain Factory was set up in Jingdezhen in
the fifteenth year of the Zhiyuan period,
Yuan dynasty (1278) to produce porcelain for imperial use. The
porcelains inscribed with “yu” [玉] from Hutian
kilns, which probably came from the first production of the
Factory, together with certain historical recordings
indicate that the establishment of the Factory was associated with
the imperial demand for “pure” ritual vessels.
Its porcelain production was subject to imperial orders and
therefore was intermittent. It did not have independent
kilns but commissioned the production on certain non-governmental
kilns possibly located at Hutian, Luomaqiao
and Zhushan. Blue-and-white was probably part of its products. The
blue-and-white vase with two elephant head
handles and the inscription “eleventh year of Zhizheng” was likely
manufactured by the Factory for civilian use
when the dynasty was declining. The blue-and-white produced by
other Jingdezhen kilns, such as Zengjianong and
Daijianong may have been influenced by governmental products.
Keyword: Yuan dynasty blue-and-white; Fuliang Porcelain Factory;
kiln
元青花与浮梁磁局及其窑场
江建新 Jiang Jianxin
一
元世祖忽必烈于至元十一年（1274 年）开始大举伐宋，至元十六年（1279 年）南宋亡，完成了全
国大统一。至元十五年（1278 年）忽必烈王朝便在距京城数千里之遥的江南偏僻一隅景德镇设置“浮
梁磁局”—一个专为皇家烧造瓷器的机构。
浮梁磁局，其冠名当取之于元代浮梁县域名，因其时景德镇隶浮梁县。但磁局当时却并不由浮
梁县管辖，而是由中央政府工部或将作院管辖，《元史·百官四·将作院》：
江建新／景德镇市陶瓷考古研究所，景德镇，333000
076－ 76 13-5-29 上午11