托福阅读AgricultureintheLateOttomanEmpirePPT学习教案.pptx

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托福阅读AgricultureintheLateOttomanEmpire
托福阅读 第三篇
Agriculture in the Late Ottoman Empire
Throughout its history, agriculture was the economic mainstay of the Ottoman Empire, which dominated North Africa, the Middle East, Turkey, and southeastern Europe for over 600 years until the early twentieth century. （开门见山，奥斯曼帝国持续约600年，其中农业是其经济基础）Most cultivators possessed small landholdings, engaging in a host of tasks, with their crops and animal products mainly dedicated to self-consumption. （递进，大部分农民都拥有小土地，收割庄稼供自己食用）But enormous changes over time prevailed in the agrarian sector.（转折，但是有巨大的转变） Beginning in the late eighteenth century, agriculture became more and more commercialized, with increasing amounts of produce going to sale to domestic and international consumers.（递进，这种转变是农业变的越来越细化，出口到国内国外）
第一段点名主题，介绍奥斯曼帝国的农业，尤其是18世纪晚期开始的农业细化
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托福阅读 第三篇
At least three major engines increased this agricultural production devoted to the market, the first being rising demand, both international and domestic. （递进展开：第一点原始是需求增加）Abroad, especially after 1840, the living standards and buying power of many Europeans improved substantially, permitting them to buy a wider choice and quantity of goods.（递进，这是因为1840年后欧洲的生活水准和购买力都提高了） Rising domestic markets within the empire were also important, thanks to increased urbanization as well as mounting personal consumption.（递进，国内的消费上升也是同样重要） In the late nineteenth century, newly opened railroad districts brought a flow of domestic wheat and other cereals to major coastal cities.（递进，19世纪晚期，铁路使得谷物等粮食可以运送到海岸城市） Railroads also attracted market gardeners who now could grow and ship fruits and vegetables to the expanding and newly accessible markets of these cities.（递进，这些铁路也吸引了园艺家在这些地区经商，种植水果蔬菜）
第二段，展开讲农业发展的第一个原因：需求增长，经济变好和铁路发展
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托福阅读 第三篇
The second engine driving agricultural output concerns cultivators' increasing payment of their taxes in cash rather than in kind (that is, in agricultural or other products).（并列上一段，第二点原因是