ofTradePolicy发展经济学(PPT 56页).ppt

ofTradePolicy发展经济学(PPT 56页)
Appendix I: Tariff Analysis in General Equilibrium
Appendix II: Tariffs and Import Quotas in the Presence of Monopoly
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Introduction
This chapter is focused on the following questions:
What are the effects of various trade policy instruments?
Who will benefit , and who will lose ?
What are the costs and benefits of protection?
Will the benefits outweigh the costs?
What should a nation’s trade policy be?
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Classification of Commercial Policy Instruments
Commercial Policy Instruments
Trade Contraction
Trade Expansion
Tariff
Export tax
Import quota
Voluntary Export Restraint (VER)
Import subsidy
Export subsidy
Voluntary Import Expansion (VIE)
Price
Quantity
Price
Quantity
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Basic Tariff Analysis
Tariffs can be classified as:
Specific tariffs
Taxes that are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of goods imported
Example: A specific tariff of $10 on each imported bicycle with an international price of $100 means that customs officials collect the fixed sum of $10.
Ad valorem tariffs
Taxes that are levied as a fraction of the value of the imported goods
Example: A 20% ad valorem tariff on bicycles generates a $20 payment on each $100 imported bicycle.
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A compound duty (tariff) is a combination of an ad valorem and a specific tariff.
Modern governments usually prefer to protect domestic industries through a variety of nontariff barriers, such as:
Import quotas
Limit the quantity of imports
Export restraints
Limit the quantity of exports
Basic Tariff Analysis
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Supply, Demand, and Trade in a Single Industry
Suppose that there are two countries (Home and Foreign).
Both countries consume and produce wheat, which can be costless transported between the countries.
In each country, wheat is a competitive industry.
Suppose that in the absence of trade the price of wheat at Home exceeds the corresponding price at Foreign.
This implies that shippers begin to move wheat from Foreign to H