新编简明英语语言学学习重点的总结.doc

实用标准文案
: .
一、定义
1. 语言学 Linguistics
Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage.
2. 普通语言学 General Linguistics
The study of Ianguage as a whole is often called General linguistics.
3. 语言 Ianguage
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human com muni cati on.
语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。
4. 识别特征 Design Features
It refers to the defining poperties of human Ianguage that distinguish it from any animal system of com muni cati on.
语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的 限定性特征。
Arbitrari ness 任意性
Productivity 多产性
Duality双重性
Displaceme nt 移位性
Cultural tra nsmissi on 文化传递
⑴ arbitrari ness
There is no logical conn ecti on betwee n meanings and soun ds.
the arbitrary nature of Ianguage is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for Ianguage to have an unlimited source of expressions
⑵ Productivity
Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.
⑶ Duality
Lan guage is a system, which con sists of two sets of structures ,or two levels.
⑷ Displaceme nt
Lan guage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the immediate situatio ns of the speaker.
(5) Cultural tran smissi on
Human capacity for Ianguage has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and lear ned the details of any Ian guage system. this showed that Ian guage is culturally tran smitted. not by in sti net. ani mals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.
5. 语言能力 Compete nee
Compete nee is the ideal user ' s kno wledge of the rules of his Ian guage.
6. 语言运用 performanee
Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic com muni cati on.
语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的体现。
7. 历时语言学 Diachronic linguistics
The study of Ianguage change through time. a diachronic study of
Ianguage is a historical study, which studies the historical development of
Ian guage over a period of time.
8. 共时语言学 Synchronical ling