A History of Western Philosophy.pdf

BERTRAND RUSSELL
A HISTORY OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY And Its Connection with Political and Social
Circumstances from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
SIMON AND SCHUSTER, NEW YORK
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INCLUDING THE RIGHT OF REPRODUCTION IN WHOLE OR
IN PART IN ANY FORM COPYRIGHT, 1945 , BY BERTRAND RUSSELL PUBLISHED BY
SIMON AND SCHUSTER, INC. ROCKEFELLER CENTER, 1230 SIXTH AVENUE NEW
YORK 20, N. Y.
Fourth Printing
MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY AMERICAN BOOK-
STRATFORD PRESS, INC., N. Y.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface by Author
ix
Introduction xiii
BOOK ONE. ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY
Part I. The Pre-Socratics
3
Chapter I. The Rise of Greek Civilization
3
Chapter II. The Milesian School
24
Chapter III. Pythagoras
29
Chapter IV. Heraclitus
38
Chapter V. Parmenides
48
Chapter VI. Empedocles
53
Chapter VII. Athens in Relation to Culture
58
Chapter VIII. Anaxagoras
61
Chapter IX. The Atomists
64
Chapter X. Protagoras
73
Part II. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
82
Chapter XI. Socrates
82
Chapter XII. The Influence of Sparta
94
Chapter XIII. The Sources of Plato's Opinions
Chapter XXIII. Aristotle's Physics
203
Chapter XXIV. Early Greek Mathematics and Astronomy
208
Part III. Ancient Philosophy after Aristotle
218
Chapter XXV. The Hellenistic World
218
Chapter XXVI. Cynics and Sceptics
228
Chapter XXVII. The Epicureans
240
Chapter XXIX. Stoicism
252
Chapter XXIX. The Roman Empire in Relation to Culture
270
Chapter XXX. Plotinus
284
BOOK TWO. CATHOLIC PHILOSOPHY
Introduction
301
Part I. The Fathers
308
Chapter I. The Religious Development of the Jews 308
Chapter II. Christianity During the First Four Centuries
324
Chapter III. Three Doctors of the Church
334
Chapter IV. Saint Augustine's Philosophy and Theology
352
Chapter V. The Fifth and Sixth Centuries
366
Chapter VI. Saint Benedict and