主动与被动.doc

主动与被动一、英汉语言中被动句使用对比 1. 英语常用结构被动式,少用意义被动式(即用主动的形式表达被动的意义): 被动语态在英语里是一种常见的现象。在某些文体中,使用被动句几乎成了一种表达****惯(passive habit) 。英语常用被动句,主要有以下几方面的原因: (1 )施事的原因。人们表达思想的时候,通常使用主动句。但当主动句的施事(agent) 由于以下原因不需要或不可能指明时,英语往往采用被动句: 1 )施事未知而难以言明,如: The murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged. 凶手已于昨天被捕,据说(他)将会被绞死。 2 )施事从上下文中可以不言自明,如: She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason had been assigned; no objection had been made to her conduct. She had been forbidden to appeal to her mistress. 她告诉我, 她的男主人已解雇了她。他( 男主人) 没有讲明任何理由, 对她的行为没有任何异议,也不许她向女主人申诉。 3 )施事不如受事重要,或受事需要强调,如: Her only son was run over bya car. 她的独子被汽车轧了。有时为了隐去含糊的人称主语(vague pronoun subject) ,也用被动句: a. At the tea party they served only tea and cake. b. At the tea party only tea and cake were served. 茶会上只供应茶和饼。 4 )由于特殊原因而不要指明施事,如为了使叙述显得圆通、得体, 或为了表达某种微妙的情绪,如: Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken. 今晚有人在此讲了些不该讲的话。(2 )句法的要求。英语重形合,注重句法结构和表达形式。当主动式不便于表达时,出于造句的需要或修辞的考虑,往往采用被动式: 1 )为了使句子承上启下、前后连贯、便于衔接,如: Some kinds of plastics can be forced through machines which separate them into long, thin strings, called “ fibers ”, and these fibers can be made into cloth. 有几种塑料可以压入机器并分离成细长的纤维,这种纤维可以用来织布。 2 )为了使句子平衡,保持末端中心和末端重量,以符合主语简短、谓语复杂的表达****惯, 如: I was astounded that he was prepared to give me a job. 他准备给我一份工作,这使我大吃一惊。(3 )修辞的考虑。英语修辞学主张不要过分使用被动句,但适当使用被动句可以使表达方式灵活多变, 避免句型单调, 达到一定的修辞效果。例如使用被