英汉句法对比.ppt

Chapter 2 Contrastive Studies of English and ChineseLecturer:温彬Tel:**********E-mail:******@1、Synthetic & Analytic ?1)A synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.?2)An analytic language is characterized by frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express synthetic relations.?English: synthetic-analytic language (old English was synthetic + modern English is analytic)?Chinese: a typical analytic language & Non-inflectional?Inflection: In grammar, an inflection is a change in the form of a word that shows its grammatical function. ?Notice: nouns, pronouns, verbs are inflected; the endings –er, -est are non-inflectional 、Synthetic & AnalyticThe use of inflected forms could express: ?Parts of speech (词性)?Gender(性)?Number(数)?Case(主格/宾格)?Person(人称)?Tense(时态)?Aspect(体)?Voice(语态)?Mood(情态)?Non-finite verbs(非限定动词)1、Synthetic & Word Order: flexible & inflexible English and Chinese use different function words1、Synthetic & AnalyticEnglish function words:?Article(冠词)? Preposition(介词)? Auxiliary verb(助动词)? Coordinator(并列连接词)? Subordinator(从属连接词)1、Synthetic & Analyticfor, so, therefore, hence 表示因果关系but, yet, however, nevertheless 表示转折或对比or, either... or 表示选择and, not only... but also, as well as, neither... nor 表示语义引申Coordinator(并列连接词)Subordinator(从属连接词)so...that, such...that 引导结果状语从句lest, so that, in order that 引导目的状语从句than, as (so)...as 引导比较状语从句although / though, even if 引导让步状语从句if, even if, unless, in case, provided /providing (that), suppose/supposing (that), as (so) long as, on condition (that) 引导条件状语从句because, as, since, now that, considering (that) 引导原因状语从句when, while, as, after, before, since, untill, as soon as, once 引导时间状语从句1、Synthetic & hinese function words:? Particle(助词) aspect particle(动态助词):着,了,过 structural particle(结构助词):的、地、得 emotional particle(语气助词):吗,呢,吧?Connective(连接词)?English sentences can be