10级跨文化交际03.ppt

1 munication 梁正宇 ******@hutc. 232 1159 2 3. Culture munication ? Culture ? Communication; ? Culture munication; ? munication 3 Culture 1. What is culture? 2. What are the basic functions of culture? 3. What are the characteristics of culture? 4 What is culture? ? Kroeber and Kluckhohn (1952) cites 164 definitions in the anthropology literature, ranging from all- passing ones to narrower ones ( “ it is everything ”; “ it is opera, art, and ballet ”. ? Bate (in Samovar 1998): Culture is a relatively organized set of beliefs and expectations about how people should talk, think, anize their lives ? Culture is plete pattern of living . It is elaborate, multidimensional, and all-pervasive. ? Aspects of culture are acted out each time members of different e together to share ideas and information. 5 ? Hoebel and Frost (1976): culture is an “ integrated system of learned behaviour patterns which are characteristic of the members of a society and which are not the result of biological inheritance .”? Culture is not ically predetermined or instinctive. 1. Culture is transmitted and maintained through communication and learning (culture is learned). 2. Each individual is confined at birth to a specific geographic location and exposed to certain messages while denied others. All of these messages, whether about religion, food, dress, housing, toys, or books, are culturally based. ? Everything that a person experiences is part of his or her culture. 6 ?你不是你,我也不是我;你是他者,我也是他者(方成)。? We are programmed by our culture to do what we do and to be what we are (Chen & Starosta, 1998). ? Culture is the software of the human mind. 7 ? Bates and Plog (1990): culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours, and artefacts that the members of a society use to cope with their world and with one another, and that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning . This definition includes ? patterns of behaviour and ? pat