ACCA P5知识点：波特五力模型.docx

ACCA P5 知识点：波特五力模型
波特五力模型是迈克尔•波特(Michael Porter)于20世纪80年代初提出，它认为行业中存 在着决定竞争规模和程度的五种力量，这五种力量综合起来影响着产业的吸引力以及现有企 业的竞争战略决策。intensive and/or require very large amounts of research and development expenditure, will deter all but the largest of new companies from entering the market.
Access to supply or distribution channels
In many industries, manufacturers enjoy control over supply and/or distribution channels via direct ownership (vertical integration) or, quite simply, supplier or customer loyalty. Potential market entrants may be frustrated by not being able to get their products accepted by those individuals who decide which products gain shelf or floor space in retailing outlets. Retail space is always at a premium and untried products from a new supplier constitute an additional risk for the retailer.
Supplier and customer loyalty
A potential entrant will find it difficult to gain entry to an industry where there are one or more established operators with a comprehensive knowledge of the industry, and with close links with key suppliers and customers.
Cost disadvantages independent of scale
Well-established companies may possess cost advantages which are not available to potential entrants irrespective of their size and cost structure. Critical factors include proprietary product technology, personal contacts, favourable business locations, learning curve effects, favou