句法翻译.ppt

翻译技巧与实践
第三讲:句法与翻译
英汉句法对比
意合与形合
形合hypotaxis,指语言中的词与词,句与句的结合主要凭借词形变化,关系词、连接词等显性手段。
意合 parataxis,指语言中的词与词,句与句的结合主要依靠语义上的关系和联想达成,这种结合在外部形态上没有明显的标志,交际双方根据语境和语感对语句作出正确的解码。
①我常见许多青年的朋友,②聪明用功,③成绩优异,④而语文程度不足以表达,⑤甚至写一封信亦难得通顺,⑥问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。(梁实秋《学问与趣味》)
① I e across a great many young friends,②bright and diligent, ③do exceedingly well in studies, ④but they are rather weak in Chinese, ⑤even can’t write a smooth Chinese letter. ⑥When asked why, they’ll say they are not interested in Chinese.
I e across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have sone exceedingly well in heir studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in corret Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language.
意合与形合在汉英翻译中的操作
1译成带从句的英语句子
她们妯娌吵嘴,不巧被我撞见了。
I chanced to be present when the sisters-in-law were having a quarrel.
2,译成带介词短语的英语句子
好不容易才说服她,照我的想法办.
With some difficulty I brought her round to my way of thinking.
3,译成带分词或不定式的英语句子
只见那个理发师俯下身,听那小姑娘说,她要什么发式。
Leaning down to hear the little girl, the barber listened to her about the style she wanted.
4,译成复合结构的英语句子
冬天,在四周围都是山地的这里,看见太阳的日子真是太少了。今天,难得雾这么稀薄,空中融融地混合着金黄的阳光,把地上的一切,好像也照上一层欢笑的颜色。
In winter, sunny days were scarce here, as it was surrounded by hills all around. Today, however, the fog was wonderfully thin and the air was filtered through with golden sunlight that tinted everything on the ground with a joyful hue.
话题结构与主谓结构
主语本质上是语法化了的话题
相比之下,在语法方面,英语选择了主语,汉语选了话题,以及“把”字结构和“被”字结构。
“典型的主语既是主题也是施事。”(Comrie 1981)
英语是主谓结构(subject-predicate structure)的语言。中国语言学家赵元任(Chao,1968:69)指出:“汉语句子中主语和谓语的语法意义是主题(topic)ment),而不是动作者(actor)和动作(action)。”Li和Thompson (1975)在其Subject and Topic一书中提出:“语言有四种基本类型:1)注重主语(Subject-prominent)的语言;2)注重主题(Topic-prominent)的语言;3)主语和主题都注重的语言;4)主语与主题都不注重的语言。”他提出英语属于注重主语(简称SP)的语言,而汉语则属于注重主题(简称TP)的语言。话题(topic),又称主题。
,依山就势,蜿蜒曲
折,犹如万里长城的缩影,游客看后赞叹不已。
The mountain resort is enclosed by a recently renovated wall about 10 kilometers long, which ris