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Theneuralcrestandsomederivativesoftheneuralcrest
Theneuralcrestcanbedividedintofourmainfunctionaldomains
Thetrunkneuralcrest
Thecranial(面部)neuralcrest
Thecardiac(心区)neuralcrest
Thevagal(迷走)andsacral(尾底)neuralcrest
Theneuralcrestcellsoriginateatthedorsalmostregionoftheneuraltube
Theneuralcrestcellsgenerateanumberofdifferentiatedcelltypes
theneuronsandglialcells(胶质细胞)ofthesensory,sympathetic,andparasympatheticnervoussystems
theepinephrine-producing(medulla)cellsoftheadrenalgland(肾上腺髓质细胞)
thepigment-containingcellsoftheepidermis
manyoftheskeletalandconnectivetissuecomponentsofthehead.
Peripheralnervoussystem(PNS)(外周神经系统):includingsensoryganglia,sympatheticandparasympatheticganglia,Schwanncells(雪旺细胞),Neuroglialcells.
Endocrineandparaendocrinederivatives(内分泌和旁分泌组织):Calcitonin-secretingcells(降血钙素分泌细胞),CarotidbodytypeIcells(颈动脉一型体细胞).
Pigmentcells(色素细胞):Epidermalpigmentcells.
Facialcartilageandbone(面部的骨骼和骨组织):Facialandanteriorventralskullcartilageandbones.
Connectivetissue(结缔组织):Cornealendotheliumandstroma,Toothpapillae,Dermis,smoothmuscle,andadiposetissueofskinofheadandneck,Connectivetissueofsalivary,lachrymal,thymus,thyroid,andpituitaryglands,Connectivetissueandsmoothmuscleinarteriesofaorticarchorigin.`
Thetrunkneuralcrest
Themechanismsoftrunkneuralcrestmigration
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Theneuralcrestcellmigration
Neuralcrestcellsoriginatefromtheneuralfoldsthroughinteractionsoftheneuralplatewiththepresumptiveepidermis.
Inculturesofembryonicchickectoderm,(骨形态发生蛋白)4and7(BMP4andBMP7),twoproteinsthatareknowntobesecretedbythepresumptiveepidermis.
BMP4andBMP7inducetheexpressionoftheSlugproteinandtheRhoBproteininthecellsdestinedtobecomeneuralcrest
TheRhoBproteinmaybeinvolvedinestablishingthecytoskeletalconditionsthatpromotemigration.
TheSlugproteinistoactivatethefactorsthatdissociatethetightjunctionsbetweenthecells.
N-,buttheybegintoexpressitagainastheyaggregatetoformthedorsalrootandsympatheticganglia.
Recognitionofsurroundingextracellularmatrices
Theextracellularmatrixmoleculesthatenableorforbidmigration.(这两类分子通过不同区域分布确定迁移路线)
Theseproteinspromotesmigrationincludefibronectin,laminin,variouscollagenmolecules(胶原分子),andproteoglycans蛋白聚糖.
Anotherproteinsimpedesmigration(theephrinproteins).
Theseproteinsareexpressedintheposteriorsectionofeachsclerotome,andwherevertheyare,(酪氨酸激酶).
Segmentalrestrictionofneuralcrestcellsandmotorneuronsbytheephrinproteinsofthesclerotome.(A)Negativecorrelationbetweenregionsofephrininthesclerotome(darkbluestain,left)andneuralcrestcellmigration(greenHNK-1stain,right).(B)Whenneuralcrestcellsareplatedonfibronectin-containingmatriceswithalternatingstripesofephrin,theybindtothoseregionslackingephrin.(C)Compositeschemeshowingmigrationofspinalcordneuralcrestcellsandmotorneuronsthroughtheephrin-deficientanteriorregionsofthesclerotomes.(Forclarity,theneuralcrestcellsandmotorneuronsareeachdepictedononlyonesideofthespinalcord
Pluripotencyoftrunkneuralcrestcells.(A)Asingleneuralcrestcellisinjectedwithhighlyfluorescentdextran(荧光右旋糖酐).(B)Twodayslater,neuralcrest-derivedtissuescontaindextran-(case1andcase2).
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